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S> The India Justice Report 2025, provides a comprehensive analysis of **India’s justice delivery system**. It evaluates states based on four pillars: **police, judiciary, prisons and legal aid**, highlighting systemic challenges and areas of progress. Visit https://indiajusticereport.org for the main report, data explorer and more.
### **2025 Report Highlights**
**Undertrial Detention: A Worsening Crisis**
– **Massive growth in undertrial detention durations**:
– Undertrials detained for **3–5 years** nearly **doubled** between 2012 and 2022.
– Those detained for **more than 5 years** have **tripled** in the same period.
– In 2022, **22% of undertrials** spent **1–3 years** in jail without conviction.
– **State-wise burden**:
– **Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Maharashtra** together accounted for **42%** of all undertrials in the country as of December 2022.
– **UP alone** held over **94,000 undertrials** (nearly **22%** of India’s total).
– States like **West Bengal, Rajasthan, and Meghalaya** also had nearly **10% of undertrials** spending **3–5 years** in jail.**Prison Overcrowding and Budget Allocation**
– **Prison occupancy rates** rose from **112% in 2012** to **131% in 2022**.
– **Prison population increased by 49%** in the same period (from **3.8 lakh to 5.7 lakh**).
– **Daily inmate expenditure** varied drastically:
– **Andhra Pradesh** spent the most – **Rs 733 per day** per inmate.
– **Maharashtra** spent the least – **Rs 47 per day**.
– **Negligible funds** were allocated for rehabilitation:
– Only **0.13%** of the total prison expenditure was on **vocational/educational programs**.
– **0.27%** was used for **welfare activities**.
– The report notes that while India claims to have moved toward **rehabilitative incarceration**, the spending patterns contradict this.**Legal and Structural Challenges**
– **Section 479 of the new BNSS (formerly CrPC 436A)** aims to regulate undertrial detention:
– A **first-time offender** should not be held beyond **one-third** of the maximum sentence.
– Others should be released after **half the maximum sentence** is served.
– **Supreme Court precedents** allow for **bail on personal bond** without sureties, but this is **rarely implemented**.
– **Verification delays** for bail sureties and **absence of a uniform undertrial policy across states** also contribute to prolonged detentions.**Justice Delivery Rankings and Performance**
– **Top 5 states** (among 16 large & mid-sized states) for overall justice delivery:
1. **Karnataka**
2. **Andhra Pradesh**
3. **Telangana** (improved from 11th)
4. **Kerala**
5. **Tamil Nadu**
– **Bottom 5 states**:
– **West Bengal** (ranked last)
– **Uttar Pradesh** (2nd last, slight improvement from last year)
– **Uttarakhand**
– **Jharkhand**
– **Rajasthan**
– **Small states**:
– **Best**: **Sikkim**
– **Worst**: **Goa****Police Force and Judiciary Gaps**
– **Women’s representation in police** remains poor:
– Out of **20.3 lakh police personnel**, **fewer than 1,000 women** hold senior positions.
– **No state or UT** has met its own targets for **women in policing**.
– **Judicial vacancies** are severe:
– In states like **Uttar Pradesh**, **more than half** the High Court judge posts are vacant.
– **Bihar** has the **worst police-to-population ratio**: only **81 officers per 1 lakh people**, far below the national sanctioned level of **197.5**.—
### **Key Takeaways**
**Undertrial crisis deepening**: India is witnessing a **systemic failure** where individuals are being held for years without trial or conviction. This is not only unjust but violates constitutional protections and judicial principles.
**Uttar Pradesh is the epicenter**: With **22% of the national undertrial population**, UP stands out for poor prison conditions, judicial vacancies, and severe overcrowding.
**South Indian states outperform others**: **Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu** consistently lead in justice delivery, highlighting the importance of effective governance and resource allocation.
**Fiscal neglect of rehabilitation**: The **minuscule spending on reformative programs** shows a disconnect between stated policy goals (rehabilitation) and actual budgetary priorities.
**Policy and legal tools underused**: Despite legal provisions under BNSS (Section 479) and Supreme Court precedents, **bail via personal bond** remains rare, largely due to procedural issues like **delayed surety verification**.
**Need for a national undertrial management policy**: With prisons being a **State subject**, the **lack of uniformity** across states is leading to arbitrary and prolonged detentions.
**Policing and judiciary still male-dominated**: **Gender imbalance** and **judicial vacancies** are persistent structural issues that impact service quality and accessibility.
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### **Sources**
– [ThePrint](https://theprint.in/judiciary/up-bihar-maharashtra-make-up-42-of-all-undertrials-in-india-shows-india-justice-report-2025/2590093/)– [Outlook India](https://www.outlookindia.com/national/up-bihar-maharashtra-make-up-42-of-undertrials-southern-states-best-in-justice-delivery-details-from-india-justice-report-2025)
– [**India Justice Report – PDF**](https://indiajusticereport.org/files/IJR%202025_Full%20report_English.pdf)
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SCertainly! Here’s the estimated populations of all 28 Indian states and 8 union territories as of 2025, along with their approximate percentage of India’s total population:
| Rank | State / Union Territory | Estimated Population (2025) | Approx. % of India’s Population |
|——|—————————————————|—————————–|———————————|
| 1 | Uttar Pradesh | 240,468,000 | 16.9% |
| 2 | Bihar | 130,725,310 | 9.2% |
| 3 | Maharashtra | 128,334,000 | 9.0% |
| 4 | West Bengal | 100,042,000 | 7.0% |
| 5 | Madhya Pradesh | 88,641,000 | 6.2% |
| 6 | Rajasthan | 82,770,000 | 5.8% |
| 7 | Tamil Nadu | 77,317,000 | 5.4% |
| 8 | Gujarat | 73,227,000 | 5.1% |
| 9 | Karnataka | 68,115,000 | 4.8% |
| 10 | Andhra Pradesh | 53,524,000 | 3.8% |
| 11 | Odisha | 46,276,000 | 3.3% |
| 12 | Telangana | 38,454,000 | 2.7% |
| 13 | Kerala | 36,063,000 | 2.5% |
| 14 | Assam | 36,382,000 | 2.6% |
| 15 | Jharkhand | 40,461,000 | 2.9% |
| 16 | Punjab | 31,122,000 | 2.2% |
| 17 | Haryana | 30,936,000 | 2.2% |
| 18 | Chhattisgarh | 30,867,000 | 2.2% |
| 19 | Delhi (NCT) | 22,146,000 | 1.6% |
| 20 | Jammu & Kashmir | 13,798,000 | 1.0% |
| 21 | Uttarakhand | 11,874,000 | 0.8% |
| 22 | Himachal Pradesh | 7,542,000 | 0.5% |
| 23 | Tripura | 4,222,000 | 0.3% |
| 24 | Meghalaya | 3,410,000 | 0.2% |
| 25 | Manipur | 3,282,000 | 0.2% |
| 26 | Nagaland | 2,274,000 | 0.2% |
| 27 | Goa | 1,591,000 | 0.1% |
| 28 | Arunachal Pradesh | 1,590,000 | 0.1% |
| 29 | Puducherry | 1,720,000 | 0.1% |
| 30 | Mizoram | 1,261,000 | 0.1% |
| 31 | Chandigarh | 1,255,000 | 0.1% |
| 32 | Sikkim | 702,000 | 0.05% |
| 33 | Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu | 1,448,000 | 0.1% |
| 34 | Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 405,000 | 0.03% |
| 35 | Ladakh | 304,000 | 0.02% |
| 36 | Lakshadweep | 69,000 | 0.005% |**Note:** These figures are based on projections from the Census Population Projection Report 2021-36 and other demographic studies.
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